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[Music]

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hello everyone my name is Alba dmitrieva

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I'm a graduate student from the

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University across the street I think

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this way so it's Colorado University at

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Boulder

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I'm also employee of coalescence and

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Rick just gave a perfect example of

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these studies we deal with so I will be

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concluding this session today on the

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exciting and controversial subject of

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the cold fusion with reporting by

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reporting about two and a half years of

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the experimental work that's been done

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on the gas loading experiments so one

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more thing I want to say before I go

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into my presentation if you find the

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results interesting if you want to know

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more about experimental Studies on the

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cold fusion please talk to leek or talk

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to me we would love to go into details

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because as always the devil is in the

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details so anyway I'm going to start my

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presentation with the brief overview of

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the history of the cold fusion and I'll

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talk a little bit more about the

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difference between different experiments

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the difference between the electrolytic

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experiments and they differ in about the

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gas loading experiments and that is what

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I am working on you will see the

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experimental results I will talk about

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the excess heat generation mechanisms

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the concept of fuel and then I will just

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present my conclusions so in 1989 Martin

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Fleischmann and Stanley pons ran the

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experiment and the results of those

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experiments could not be explained from

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the conventional chemistry point of view

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their electrochemical cell generated

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more heat than it was provided with so

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what

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is the electrochemical cell it's as you

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are with heavy water and the electrode

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as an electrolyte and the electrical

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current is supplied to it so you can see

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the Palladium cathode once again the

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power they have supplied to this to this

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cell actually was less than the access

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okay you know what sorry this there's a

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missing picture so you won't you won't

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see the picture I'll try to explain it

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in words what I'm trying to say is what

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is what in cold fusion just see on those

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things we really need to make the cold

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fusion work so the isotopes deuterium

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and hydrogen what is the difference

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between between them so hydrogen is

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proton was the electron that goes around

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it deuterium is the same kind of

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hydrogen but it has one additional thing

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its nucleus it has a neutron

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so the isotope of hydrogen is deuterium

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and the isotope of water which is h2o

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h2o would be a heavy water d2o

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so we need a source of deuterium atoms

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to make a cold fusion happen what those

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deuterium atoms are need for they

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actually can fuse together and produce a

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new particle in this particular example

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it's a helium particle but there could

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be some other things so new particle is

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produced and also there's a energy

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released as a result of this nuclear

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fusion

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so we have our deuterium atoms but they

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won't just fuse oh sudden we need a

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special environment for that fusion to

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happen so we need this palladium metal

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and most of the cold fusion experiments

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successful replication has been done

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with palladium so what do we measure so

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we have a choice of measuring either

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particles that's been produced and we

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talked about for example

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particles or we can look at the energy

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which been which has been released as a

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result of this reaction and in most in

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most of the cold fusion experiments it

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usually people measure heat so why do we

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even deviate from the original freshman

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and pong experiment pants experiment why

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don't we just keep doing it and doing it

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and doing it the thing is and this is a

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major cold fusion problem the cold

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fusion science problem it's really hard

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to replicate those experiments so the

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replication rate was very low and at

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some point scientists have started

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looking for that one experiment that

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maybe not produced too much heat but at

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least this is something that you can run

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every time and every time we'll get the

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results so if he can make something to

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work every time then we can study it and

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it seems like about seven years ago this

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kind of experiment was found and this is

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a gas loading experiment and it was

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showing the consistent results every

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time you run it so the results being

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reported by Japanese some replications

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done in Italy here in the United States

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it was a novel research lab did a very

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extensive study and here in Boulder we

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also got positive consistent

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replications so that is the gas loading

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system I'm going to talk about and this

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is the system we have two of them and

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they've been running 24/7 for the last

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two and a half years so the system

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consists of the be called isothermal

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chamber or oven and you can see those

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stainless steel vessels that is

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something where we put our sample our

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powders and we can supply gas through

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the gas lines

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it can be hydrogen deuterium argon

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helium so what we do is recycle this gas

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so the gas goes in system is under the

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pressure

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then we evacuate the gas so what we look

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what we are looking for is the change of

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the temperature so if the net

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temperature change is positive then we

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know that we have an excess heat and I'm

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sorry there's another picture missing

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and that is what goes in in the in the

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vessels this is a powder I was talking

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about

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if consists on of the palladium

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nanoparticles very small palladium

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particles I'm not going to into details

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how we make these materials but it's

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it's not very it's not very difficult

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and it's a very well described procedure

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and it's very well described by chemists

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because this is the perfect example of

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the catalytic material it's a catalyst

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so is that a coincidence that those

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successful replication of the cold

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fusion experiments being done with the

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material that's been studied for more

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than hundred years which is a catalyst I

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don't think so

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what you see here is an explanation how

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palladium not a particle palladium

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catalyst can really promote one very

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interesting chemical reaction and the

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result of this chemical reaction can be

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the access heat not not access heat and

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the thermic heat this reaction called

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the HD exchange reaction and what

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happens is deuterium exchanges with

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hydrogen and it produces heat it's not

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too much heat but it's enough to explain

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those results to the other groups been

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demonstrating well including us so

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and that's what people been doing

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they've been taking this material given

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a deuterium and observe some some heat

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the thing about the HT exchange reaction

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that you can actually reverse it and if

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you do this right way in the right

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environment then you can make this

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reaction and the thermic and you will be

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absorbing heat so instead of excess

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heating you will see cooling and then we

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thought that okay if we do it this way

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if we find the right way to do it and we

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can prove that we can show only not only

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heating but also cooling that will prove

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that the source of that excess heat or

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anomalous heat it's actually chemistry

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and there is nothing anomalous about it

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so we ran that experiment in those

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special conditions and the results you

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can see them here when we start with

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deuterium pressurization we have the

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excess heat don't be fooled by this

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negative numbers

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that is how chemists describe the exit

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thermic reaction the enthalpy is

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negative so even though those bars and

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each bar actually corresponding to the

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excess heat that been released during

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one cycle so this bars are negative but

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that means the system generates Heat and

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you can see the sequence of France

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increasing and at the same time the

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energy released by the system is

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decreasing it seems like we have some

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fuel which we are using up and then we

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switch the gas to hydrogen and all of

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sudden we have the cooling we have the

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endothermic reaction going so we kind of

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proved well we proved the hypothesis

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which I showed on the previous slide

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which explained the H the exchange so

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after some hydrogen pressurization you

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can see the endothermic it also goes

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away so the cooling

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going away we switch it to hydrogen and

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we regenerate that heat back well what

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does it mean it means there is some fuel

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trapped in the material and by

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alternating the gases hydrogen and

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deuterium we can actually engage the

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reactions either exothermic or

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endothermic the question is was the fuel

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and the fuel is water introduced to

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Tyrion we exchange it in water then we

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can be introduced hydrogen and exchanged

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it in heavy water so water is the source

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of that heat and if the water is the

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fuel for this reaction what if we remove

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it what if you make our material toward

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a completely water free that will

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how do you get rid of water probably the

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most common way would be just to bake it

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100 degrees is not enough 100 degrees

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won't make that powder water free we

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have to go higher and we went up to 390

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degrees and then we cooled down system

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everything is done in vacuum we cooled

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down system back to the room temperature

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and we didn't see any excess heat

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neither with hydrogen or deuterium no

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heat no cooling nothing so we got rid of

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water we killed the reaction we didn't

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stop there we actually took the powder

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outside of the system put it in the

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petri dish and put it on the scale and

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just watch the weight increasing and

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within 24 hours it's actually gained 5

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percent and that 5 percent was water

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there was a moisture from the air and

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even here in the dry Colorado it was

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enough to make enough fuel for the for

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the reaction because then we loaded this

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powder back to the system and ran

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hydrogen and deuterium and we saw that

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that access heating and access cooling

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came back so we proved that the

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you'll was indeed a water and it'll be

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nice to kind of say well that's it

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mystery solved but there were some very

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interesting reports done by the other

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groups they were saying that they

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consistently see something really

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unexplainable whenever they go to the

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higher temperatures so as I said most of

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our experiments been done at 40 degrees

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but people are saying well if you go to

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108 if you go to 200 400 then you start

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seeing something truly unexplainable and

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obviously we just decided that we

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absolutely need to replicate those

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conditions and see what what's happening

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so we went to the higher temperatures

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and yes we've seen some unexplained

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heating and cooling at those elevated

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temperatures so now I'm going to talk

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about more about measurement system and

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what kind of nasty tricks it can play

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with you and how you can be well you

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have to be aware of them and also you

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00:14:47,290 --> 00:14:44,399
have to know how to overcome those those

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00:14:52,009 --> 00:14:47,300
measurement errors and and difficulties

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so the excess heat generation under gas

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00:14:57,319 --> 00:14:54,449
pressure so whenever we had a guess in

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00:15:01,129 --> 00:14:57,329
the system we saw that unexplained heat

282
00:15:03,559 --> 00:15:01,139
and the temperatures in our system had

283
00:15:05,689 --> 00:15:03,569
to be more than 250 that that's when you

284
00:15:08,179 --> 00:15:05,699
see it if you below 250 there's nothing

285
00:15:12,230 --> 00:15:08,189
unusual going on the interesting thing

286
00:15:14,720 --> 00:15:12,240
is it was the same excess heat

287
00:15:16,370 --> 00:15:14,730
generation for hydrogen and deuterium

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00:15:20,629 --> 00:15:16,380
there is no difference between hydrogen

289
00:15:23,410 --> 00:15:20,639
and deuterium and it was lasting forever

290
00:15:31,519 --> 00:15:23,420
as long as you have a guess you have

291
00:15:34,260 --> 00:15:31,529
your unexplained temperature change and

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00:15:36,570 --> 00:15:34,270
that that was that was

293
00:15:39,750 --> 00:15:36,580
a little bit upsetting because that

294
00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:39,760
excess heat generation really depends on

295
00:15:43,920 --> 00:15:41,920
the vessel location inside the oven you

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00:15:46,890 --> 00:15:43,930
move your vessel back I mean you move it

297
00:15:48,330 --> 00:15:46,900
right or left a couple inches and you

298
00:15:52,250 --> 00:15:48,340
have this effect and then you lose this

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00:15:57,570 --> 00:15:52,260
effect or you enhance this effect so it

300
00:16:00,360 --> 00:15:57,580
seemed like this is something something

301
00:16:03,530 --> 00:16:00,370
about the system that produces this

302
00:16:06,330 --> 00:16:03,540
artifact and what you see here is the

303
00:16:08,940 --> 00:16:06,340
picture of inside of the oven

304
00:16:11,850 --> 00:16:08,950
inside of the system so how do we

305
00:16:14,640 --> 00:16:11,860
actually go to those higher temperatures

306
00:16:16,260 --> 00:16:14,650
250 degrees we have this oven and there

307
00:16:18,510 --> 00:16:16,270
is a heater on the back panel of the

308
00:16:22,110 --> 00:16:18,520
oven and there's a fan it actually blows

309
00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:22,120
the hot air in the oven I have to say

310
00:16:28,110 --> 00:16:24,970
right away this is a commercial system

311
00:16:31,290 --> 00:16:28,120
it actually was built to keep the

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00:16:34,860 --> 00:16:31,300
control temperature in the range of 10

313
00:16:37,530 --> 00:16:34,870
Mille kelvins so it is really good but

314
00:16:41,430 --> 00:16:37,540
still not good enough at the higher

315
00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:41,440
temperature settings this airflow is not

316
00:16:45,810 --> 00:16:43,330
that uniform anymore and we have a

317
00:16:49,350 --> 00:16:45,820
temperature gradient across the oven so

318
00:16:49,860 --> 00:16:49,360
we have some of the corners let's say of

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00:16:52,170 --> 00:16:49,870
the oven

320
00:16:57,630 --> 00:16:52,180
hotter than another one so we have a

321
00:17:01,140 --> 00:16:57,640
heat flow across across the oven how

322
00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:01,150
does it hurt us let's say we have those

323
00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:04,450
random hot or cold spots across the oven

324
00:17:10,440 --> 00:17:07,810
then if the hot spot is somewhere close

325
00:17:13,290 --> 00:17:10,450
to the vessel in the absence of gas in

326
00:17:15,660 --> 00:17:13,300
the vacuum our temperature sensor

327
00:17:17,280 --> 00:17:15,670
measures one temperature t2 let's say

328
00:17:20,670 --> 00:17:17,290
because some of the heat will be lost

329
00:17:22,560 --> 00:17:20,680
due to transfer and when we bring the

330
00:17:24,390 --> 00:17:22,570
gas in there is some kind of action the

331
00:17:26,460 --> 00:17:24,400
gas is moving also the gas has some

332
00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:26,470
thermal conductivity assigned to it

333
00:17:31,770 --> 00:17:29,710
right so it actually makes the coupling

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00:17:34,530 --> 00:17:31,780
of the hot spot to this thermal

335
00:17:38,130 --> 00:17:34,540
temperature sensor much much much better

336
00:17:41,070 --> 00:17:38,140
so we channeling heat inside the vessel

337
00:17:42,930 --> 00:17:41,080
and the gas helping us to do this more

338
00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:42,940
efficiently so now we measure

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00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:45,970
temperature TT which is more than t2 and

340
00:17:49,700 --> 00:17:47,010
then we removed

341
00:17:51,940 --> 00:17:49,710
yes right and we kind of kill this this

342
00:17:55,040 --> 00:17:51,950
this case we go back to the initial

343
00:17:57,920 --> 00:17:55,050
state so our temperature will drop back

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00:18:00,730 --> 00:17:57,930
to t2 so that's why whenever we have a

345
00:18:06,430 --> 00:18:00,740
guess we measure temperature higher than

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00:18:09,650 --> 00:18:06,440
it's supposed to be so we decided to

347
00:18:12,290 --> 00:18:09,660
artificially recreate those thermal

348
00:18:15,410 --> 00:18:12,300
gradients by putting either resistive

349
00:18:20,150 --> 00:18:15,420
heater on the vessel or the cooling

350
00:18:23,540 --> 00:18:20,160
element and we just dissipated heat or

351
00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:23,550
we cool down the vessel once again

352
00:18:29,230 --> 00:18:25,610
intentionally intentionally

353
00:18:33,110 --> 00:18:29,240
so that is the result of that experiment

354
00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:33,120
let's look at this first plot that is

355
00:18:37,970 --> 00:18:36,210
when everything is in equilibrium there

356
00:18:41,240 --> 00:18:37,980
is no temperature gradient in the oven

357
00:18:43,670 --> 00:18:41,250
so what you see here is that is when the

358
00:18:46,850 --> 00:18:43,680
gas is in helium and that's when the

359
00:18:50,690 --> 00:18:46,860
argon is in the system so those tiny

360
00:18:52,700 --> 00:18:50,700
spikes corresponding to the gas flow

361
00:18:55,130 --> 00:18:52,710
into the system get compressed you have

362
00:18:59,240 --> 00:18:55,140
heat and then you pull it out so you

363
00:19:00,890 --> 00:18:59,250
have some cooling totally totally normal

364
00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:00,900
process there is nothing here nothing

365
00:19:11,530 --> 00:19:05,810
unusual now we turn on our tiny heater

366
00:19:14,210 --> 00:19:11,540
so we call it a hot spot on the vessel I

367
00:19:16,790 --> 00:19:14,220
want to emphasize that it's not like

368
00:19:19,610 --> 00:19:16,800
returning on and off this heater this

369
00:19:21,590 --> 00:19:19,620
heater is on all the time what

370
00:19:24,340 --> 00:19:21,600
difference is only the presence of the

371
00:19:27,740 --> 00:19:24,350
gas helium and argon and you can see

372
00:19:32,180 --> 00:19:27,750
whenever the gas is in the system this

373
00:19:35,030 --> 00:19:32,190
temperature is just jump and the base

374
00:19:37,070 --> 00:19:35,040
line is shifted so the shift is

375
00:19:38,990 --> 00:19:37,080
different for helium and organs because

376
00:19:42,140 --> 00:19:39,000
they have different thermal conductivity

377
00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:42,150
we have proved this mechanism is working

378
00:19:47,030 --> 00:19:44,970
also for the cold spot so you can see

379
00:19:51,950 --> 00:19:47,040
this shift is downward so yes it has

380
00:19:55,220 --> 00:19:51,960
explained those results we've been seen

381
00:19:57,200 --> 00:19:55,230
in our oven previously at the higher

382
00:19:59,840 --> 00:19:57,210
temperatures simply because it was

383
00:20:01,240 --> 00:19:59,850
non-uniform temperature environment why

384
00:20:04,340 --> 00:20:01,250
is it simple

385
00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:04,350
because once again people who work at

386
00:20:09,830 --> 00:20:07,050
the higher temperature settings they use

387
00:20:13,010 --> 00:20:09,840
oil heaters they used a hit sleeves

388
00:20:15,560 --> 00:20:13,020
that's how they heat up their material

389
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:15,570
and if you do it non-uniformly you will

390
00:20:19,460 --> 00:20:17,910
always always be dealing with the

391
00:20:26,180 --> 00:20:19,470
temperature gradient which will cause

392
00:20:31,610 --> 00:20:26,190
this artifact I'm at the point of the

393
00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:31,620
conclusions so what you have seen is not

394
00:20:37,280 --> 00:20:33,810
the result well I didn't show you any

395
00:20:40,640 --> 00:20:37,290
confusion but what I showed you is the

396
00:20:44,030 --> 00:20:40,650
experiments that can actually help the

397
00:20:45,710 --> 00:20:44,040
cold fusion researchers to evaluate the

398
00:20:50,750 --> 00:20:45,720
result of their experiment in the way

399
00:20:56,060 --> 00:20:50,760
they think they can really assess the

400
00:20:59,120 --> 00:20:56,070
chemical heat and they can and they can

401
00:21:01,940 --> 00:20:59,130
I mean they will be aware of the

402
00:21:04,190 --> 00:21:01,950
temperature gradient and if the test the

403
00:21:09,530 --> 00:21:04,200
system was the inert gas they'll be able

404
00:21:12,500 --> 00:21:09,540
to rule out those temperature gradient

405
00:21:15,110 --> 00:21:12,510
artifacts so and that is just a

406
00:21:17,210 --> 00:21:15,120
suggestion it's it's pretty vital for

407
00:21:19,370 --> 00:21:17,220
the cold fusion community to get those

408
00:21:21,590 --> 00:21:19,380
gas loading experiments reproduced in a

409
00:21:23,750 --> 00:21:21,600
way I just showed to rule out the

410
00:21:29,950 --> 00:21:23,760
chemistry and measurement artifacts

411
00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:42,050
we have any questions

412
00:21:42,060 --> 00:21:45,919
[Music]

413
00:21:53,820 --> 00:21:50,340
unicron all since we are at SSE meeting

414
00:21:57,060 --> 00:21:53,830
we we can talk about some magical things

415
00:22:00,180 --> 00:21:57,070
like do you consider possibility that

416
00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:00,190
palladium energy participates in the

417
00:22:06,720 --> 00:22:04,450
process because catalysts like palladium

418
00:22:09,180 --> 00:22:06,730
platinum you cannot explain their

419
00:22:12,690 --> 00:22:09,190
activity without involvement of some

420
00:22:16,289 --> 00:22:12,700
kind of energy what we did we developed

421
00:22:18,419 --> 00:22:16,299
energy of platinum infused and gasoline

422
00:22:22,049 --> 00:22:18,429
so that no other chemicals will

423
00:22:28,760 --> 00:22:22,059
participate in exhaust diminished four

424
00:22:31,680 --> 00:22:28,770
times carbon dioxide in gasoline was

425
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:31,690
diminishing four times carbon monoxide

426
00:22:37,950 --> 00:22:35,110
and almost eliminated hydrocarbons

427
00:22:40,019 --> 00:22:37,960
so definitely energy participates in the

428
00:22:42,930 --> 00:22:40,029
chemical reactions so is it possible

429
00:22:46,620 --> 00:22:42,940
that palladium energy also participates

430
00:22:48,840 --> 00:22:46,630
here okay so I said I mentioned that

431
00:22:49,799 --> 00:22:48,850
those catalysts have been studied for

432
00:22:53,190 --> 00:22:49,809
hundred years

433
00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:53,200
the sad part is that even after those

434
00:22:57,919 --> 00:22:55,450
hundred years of extensive Studies and

435
00:23:02,899 --> 00:22:57,929
extensive usage of those systems the

436
00:23:05,130 --> 00:23:02,909
magic they doing is still not explained

437
00:23:07,919 --> 00:23:05,140
I'm not sure if I answered your question

438
00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:07,929
I mean even chemists they can't explain

439
00:23:16,019 --> 00:23:11,730
it they know they can't explain it fully

440
00:23:17,279 --> 00:23:16,029
this is rich you'd mention the noble

441
00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:17,289
gases have different characteristics

442
00:23:22,680 --> 00:23:19,690
have you used other noble gases than the

443
00:23:25,350 --> 00:23:22,690
ones you've displayed for this

444
00:23:28,919 --> 00:23:25,360
particular experiment we used only

445
00:23:31,649 --> 00:23:28,929
helium and argon as noble gases and we

446
00:23:33,389 --> 00:23:31,659
compared the results to the hydrogen and

447
00:23:35,310 --> 00:23:33,399
deuterium pressurization and the thing

448
00:23:38,659 --> 00:23:35,320
is between hydrogen deuterium and helium

449
00:23:41,549 --> 00:23:38,669
the thermal conductivity is the same

450
00:23:43,350 --> 00:23:41,559
virtually so in the baseline shift I

451
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:43,360
showed was the same for those three

452
00:23:48,510 --> 00:23:45,610
gases so I would I would expect if I use

453
00:23:51,659 --> 00:23:48,520
let's say xenon was the thermal

454
00:23:53,370 --> 00:23:51,669
conductivity like none because it's the

455
00:23:54,370 --> 00:23:53,380
biggest well not the biggest Krypton is

456
00:23:56,529 --> 00:23:54,380
biggest so

457
00:23:59,529 --> 00:23:56,539
shift will be absolutely minimum so

458
00:24:02,950 --> 00:23:59,539
that's why since cold fusion works with

459
00:24:06,460 --> 00:24:02,960
deuterium and hydrogen for this

460
00:24:08,590 --> 00:24:06,470
application it's not just some inert gas

461
00:24:11,140 --> 00:24:08,600
they need to test their systems with

462
00:24:12,490 --> 00:24:11,150
they need to test it with helium which

463
00:24:15,850 --> 00:24:12,500
has the thermal conduct

464
00:24:17,760 --> 00:24:15,860
conduction coefficient D closest to the